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REVIEW NOTES FOR HISTORY 10 A ANCIENT HISTORY 10 January, 2004 Mr. W. MacIntyre NOTE: THERE ARE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PAGE. Study
your maps on Rome,
Sumer, Egypt, and
Greece Know
the meaning of the terms and words on your
handouts. Be familiar with how to write an essay based on a thesis statement. Include an introduction, the main points of the essay, and a conclusion. The exam will include the following
sections: 1.
Multiple choice 2.
Fill in the blanks 3. Map 4. Vocabulary (check online too) 5.
Essay 6. Analysis (in the gym with a partner, prearranged before exam) Always ask yourself the basic question
words to see if you truly understand the event you are dealing with: 1.
Who or what is the person or event? 2.
Why did it happen? 3.
Where did it happen? 4.
When did it happen? 5.
What caused it? 6.
What changes occurred because of it? (Cause and effect) FINALLY, you are responsible for the notes we covered in class, even those that might not be listed above, since the above is only a general outline. Good luck and study hard!! Bring any questions you have to me for discussion. Remember, others also profit from your questions.
Unit 1 Rome a. Geography of Rome (Map) b. Rise of the Roman Republic c. Political, economic and social problems of the Republic d. Role of the Army e. Rise of Julius Caesar f. The Roman Empire g.
The Decline of the Roman Empire
ROMANS: You should be familiar with the following words or ideas: Empire republic aqueduct Roman Numerals (how much is CMXV?) coliseum cloaca maxima (big sewer) Forum cohort contubernium (8 men in the army) Patrician plebeian Tribune triumvirate (rule of 3 men) Pontifix (pontif) Maximus insula Villa Ostia (city at the mouth of the Tiber River) Via Appia status quo ad nauseam alma mater Senate catacomb (tunnels under Rome where Christians hid) rhetoric (the art of persuading people to believe you) oratory (the art of talking and making speeches) How was the army structured? What was life like for a soldier in the Roman army? What events helped the army grow? What events helped the army to weaken? How was the army used? How far did the empire stretch? What did the people who were conquered feel about being absorbed into the Roman world? What inventions did the Romans come up with? What was their art like? What was their building like? Why did Rome finally collapse in the west? What was the name of the Roman empire in the east? (Byzantium). Which city in the east became the capital city when Rome was abandoned as the capitol? What was the daily life like in Rome for a slave, plebeian or a patrician? How did Rome start? How did gladiators arise? What does SPQR mean? Why was Julius Caesar so important in Roman history? What is the difference between a republic and an empire? Roman slaves: some were teachers (usually Greek slaves were) and some cost less than a donkey.
Unit 2 Origins a. Time and History b. Creation c. Evolution d. Hunters and gatherers: Pygmies How are Genesis and the scientific theory of evolution similar? Who was Charles Darwin and what was his famous theory (name all the parts we covered in class) Who is Philip Johnson and why does he disagree with Darwin? Why does James Usher’s claim that the earth is only about six thousand years old seem unlikely? What are some of the ways scientists date artifacts and bones? How is evolution thought to have occurred according to science? How are gorillas (primates) and humans similar? How much land would it take for a single person to survive if that person lived by hunting and gathering? What is meant by the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic? How did tools and weapons change the lives of early humans? How do anthropologists know if a skeleton is masculine or feminine, and at what age the creature was when it died? What changes occurred in the hominid skeletal structure over time? Describe the Neanderthal in structure and the kind of life he/she led. Note
carefully: Primary document: an original document from the past. It is usually commented on by later scholars. Their writing about the primary document is known as a secondary document.
Unit 3: The Rise of Civilization Agriculture: is farming Be able to explain the Agricultural Revolution and the Be able to describe the advantages of living in a civilization and living in a tribe that hunts and gathers. Know who Gordon Childe was and his definition of civilization. Be able to describe the life of a pygmy.
Study the location of Sumer on the map and the towns, waterways and land forms we studied on that map. Study the contributions that the Sumerians made to the world. Be able to defend the statement: "Sumer is a society built on clay." Study the notes on the religious beliefs of the Sumerians. Study the notes to videos we have seen on Sumer. Study the overhead notes we covered in class. These talk about the geography, climate, natural resources, religion, political structure and the effects of geography on the culture. Study the questions on Sumer given in class. Study the primary documents we read in class in small groups. They are online. Be prepared to write an essay about the Sumerians. Know what Hammurabi's Laws are and why they are important.
Unit 5: Egypt Study the map of Egypt. You get BONUS POINTS if you sign the front of your exam with you Egyptian Hieroglyphs name, and put your English name on the back of that page. Study your notes on the Egyptian religion and the negative confessions. Review the information you received from the videos we saw in class. Study the sheet on Egyptian medicine. You may be asked to write an essay on it. Study the steps to mummification Study the Egyptian pyramid of power (social structure). Study also your notes on Pyramid (video).
Unit 6: Ancient and Classical Greece Study the map you received in class Study your notes on the Minoans and the Myceneans. Study your notes on Athens and Sparta and be prepared to write an essay on the best of the two in which to live. Study your handouts on the development of democracy in Greece. Study paradoxes and syllogisms. Be prepared to create a syllogism too.
Unit 7: Alexander the Great Pending
Odds and Ends Tutankhamun: a king from ancient Egypt. His tomb was found in 1922 by Howard Carter. Theory: an explanation that describes what can be observed. Generation: = 25 years (for the purposes of this class) History: is the study of the recorded past. Pre history: occurred before writing was invented. Analogy: a way of describing an event by showing the similarities to another event. For example, the Big Bang Theory suggests that scientists can determine that there must have been a time when the universe was infinitely small, since the universe is expanding. This means that in the past it must have been smaller, etc. Analogy: a person drops a rock into a calm lake. The rock disappears (that would be like the explosion of the Big Bang), but there are ripples left over. When we see these, we know that something “exploded” on the surface of the water to make the ripples. If we trace the ripples backward, we can see where the rock hit the water. Homo habilis was discovered by Louis Leakey. Australopithecus was found by Don Johanson. Defend or Refute a thesis statement. To defend a thesis statement means to support it. That means that everything you say in your writing makes the statement look true. For example: if I said to defend this thesis statement: THE ROMANS WERE CRUEL PEOPLE, you could write about all of the cruel things you know the Romans did. On the other hand, you might want to refute the thesis statement. In this case, you would want to write about all the things the Romans did that show how kind they were. OK! So here is a quiz to keep you on your toes. The answers are below. 1. Why did dock workers in Ostia smash the clay pots after emptying their contents? 2. Who were the Sabines? 3. What role did fountains play in the city of Rome? 4. What was the name of the Famous fountain in Rome from which we get the word trivia? 5. What was the name of the poor people’s housing (tenements) in Rome? 6. What did the gladiators say before going into battle in the film “Gladiator?” 7. What do the letters SPQR mean? 8. Who saw the sign in the sky “In hoc signo vince” (In this sign, conquer!)? 9. Which emperor used to lock people into the coliseum to listen to him play his music? 10. Name one thing that Caesar did to help the Roman plebeians. 11. Name one thing that showed Caesar thought a lot of himself. 12. Name one thing that Caesar changed and that we still use today in much the same way. 13. From which Latin word does the word calendar come? 14. Which Carthaginian general was feared most by the Romans? 15. This person was elected by the senate during times of war. 16. This Roman custom involved the killing of one out of ten men as punishment. 17. This was the first Roman general to use the army to March on Rome itself and then declare himself dictator. 18. This person is the first Emperor of Rome. 19. (Here’s a hard one!) What is meant by imperium? 20. This term refers to a long period of peace in Roman history. 21. Augers used this to predict the will of the gods. 22. Why did Julius Caesar forbid transport traffic in Rome during the day? 23. The women who tended the holiest temple of Rome were called…? 24. What is relative dating? Give an example. 25. Australopithecus means… 26. Which creature came after australopithecines? 27. Dr. Johanson found this australopithecine. 28. Dr. Leakey found this species. 29. Jews and Christians refer to this book to explain the beginning of the universe. 30. Name one element of Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. 31. Name one reason why Darwin felt uneasy about the Bible’s claim that the world was 6 000 years old. 32. What does it mean when dark lines appear shifting in the red part of the light spectrum? 33. This man discovered that the galaxy was expanding. 34. This is another word for hunters and gatherers. 35. This word means upper class, noble. 36. This was a place where the early Christians in Rome hid. 37. This word means “Hello!” in Latin. 38. This terms refers to paying back someone for something he/she has done for you. 39. This means how many? CMXLV. 40. This means: done without warning or reason. 1. To use them as ballast in the empty ships. 2. They were a neighbor of the Romans. 3. They acted like air conditioners, they provided water for dinking and cleaning, and they decorated the city. 4. Trevi Fountain 5. Insula. 6. We who are about to die salute you! 7. Senatus Populusque Romanus (The Roman Senate and the Roman People), a term meaning that both the people and the senate were to rule Rome. 8. Emperor Constantine 9. Nero 10. He increased their free grain portions. 11. He told the pirates to ask for more for his ransom. 12. The calendar. 13. kalends 14. Hannibal. 15. Dictator 16. decimate. 17. Sulla 18. Octavian, or Augustus Caesar 19. Supreme power 20. Pax Romana 21. The liver of sacrificial animals 22. There were too many and too they were too hard to get around. Furthermore, the animals left dirt. 23. Vestal Virgins. 24. a way of determining if one perons or thing is older than another. Wrinkles or teeth. 25. southern ape 26. The Homo line. 27. Austrolpithecus afarensis (Lucy) 28. Homo habilis 29. Genesis. 30. Animals (organisms) have more offspring than can survive. 31. He wondered why God would “create” extinct animals that clearly lived more than 6 000 years ago. 32. The star is moving further away. 33. Edwin Hubble. 34. Nomads. 35. aristocrat 36. catacombs 37. salve or ave! 38. patronage. 39. 945 40. arbitrarily
More words and phrases: HISTORY VOCABULARY BC BCE CE AD (anno Domini = in the year of the Lord) Divine (discovering) the will of the gods Entrails (guts) of sheep Fratricide = murdering a brother Artisans = makers of crafts Terra cotta = clay (plant pots) Courtesan = prostitute of the court Decadent = morally banrupt Hierarchy = a system with the most powerful on the top. Propaganda = information with a slant in favour of those giving out the information. Sabines (tribes near Rome) were wary 6th century is the 500s solution was momentous (great, big) Res Publica (affairs of the public) gave rise to Republic. Roman psyche (mind and thoughts) Preemptively (beforehand) deter the enemy Debauchery = living a luxurious life without rules (drinking, sex, other vices) Shrewd = clever in business. Empire = one country controlling other countries. Imperial Rome = at this time, Rome controlled other countries. Into the fray (battle, fight) Deluged (flooded) the city towns with blood in Judea Siege weaponry stone thrower, fire brand, catapults Jewish zealots (religious fanatics) Jewish Diaspora ( disperse the Jews from their homeland) Barbarians = people who spoke foreign languages. Visigoths, Gauls, Persians, Parthians, Goths, Pestilence = disease. Subjugated (controlled against their will) people Disfunctional (family that can't function well) families (leaders) Suppressed = held back Stick and carrot = to lure someone to do something with promise of reward, but they will never get the reward. Auxiliary = helping Virtues: wisdom, justice, fortitude, temperance Commodus’s virtues: ambition, resourcefulness, courage, devotion. Demand tribute (extortion) from another country “I am vexed.” (angry, fretting) (Commodus) “…so that Commodus and his progeny (offspring) will live for a thousand years.” “…unlike Maximus the invincible (undefeatable) who knows no fear.” Hominid = a member of the family of man Hominoid = great apes and hominids Affinities = attractions to something Quadruped = 4 legged animal Bipedalism = walking on 2 legs Sesquipedalian = many syllables (6) Habile = dexterous, manually skilled. Desiccation (desiccate) = drying out Fossil record = all the fossils considered together divergent = two parts going away from one another. the spoils = goods won in war. acquiesce = give in. Pygmies hold the forest in great reverence (holiness) Ridicule the elephant with impunity (can't be punished) The owners of the huts are not dismayed (sad, upset) Antiquities (old things) (Moabite stone) Abominations (horrible things) of the earth (Babylon in the bible) Lex talionis (eye for eye, tooth for tooth) Despotic (one ruler, no other help him) control Spin doctors (make a bad event look good) (Hezikaiah and Senacherib) Sepulcher = tomb See Egypt
Vocabulary Sheet Reviled = hated Defamed = cursed, treated with great disrespect. Issue = offspring Hyperbole = exaggeration Demotic writing = a type of administrative Egyptian writing. The architecture
was somewhat tentative Buffer zone = a protective zone helping to prevent the danger from reaching the people. Mercenaries = soldiers paid for fighting in another country's army. His entourage (a group of people surrounding a leader).
verify = to
check 1.
Agricultural Revolution a.
Cereals b.
Domestication of animals c.
Sedantism d.
Civilization (10 points of G. Childe) e.
vocabulary 2.
Sumer a.
Inventions b.
Religion c.
Government d.
Daily life e.
Peaceful vs war-like f.
Literature g.
Role of women h.
Vocabulary i.
geography 3.
Egypt a.
structure of the government b.
level of medecine c.
importance of King Tut d.
vocabulary e.
geography f.
religion g.
symbols h.
Great Pyramid i.
Mummification j.
Vocabulary 4.
Greece a.
Minoan civilization
i.
Relation to Atlantis
ii.
Level of sophistication
iii.
Religious practices
iv.
Legends
v.
Contributions to mainland Greece
vi.
Read handouts on Minoa
vii.
Refer to notes on the video Aegean: the legacy of Atlantis b.
Mycenaean civilization
i.
Wars
ii.
Religion
iii.
Origins of people
iv.
Famous people c.
Classical Greece
i.
Sparta versus Athens (oligarchy vs democracy)
ii.
Sculpture and artwork
iii.
Great thinkers - philosophy
iv.
Wars with Persia d.
Alexander the Great
i.
Philip of Macedon
ii.
Rise of Alexander to power
iii.
Spreading of Greek culture
iv.
Results of Alexander’s presence in Greece. QUESTIONS 1.
What was the Agricultural Revolution about? 2. Name three positive changes that came as a result. 3.
Name three negative changes. 4. How much room did a single person need to survive one year as a hunter-gatherer? 5. Name three of the oldest settlements. 6.
What is obsidian? 7. What does Mesopotamia mean? 8. Who was Godon Childe? 9. What were his criteria for civilization. 10. What does monoculture mean? 11. Who were the Sumerians? 12. Where did they live? 13. Name five of their inventions. 14. What are the Dead Sea Scrolls? 15. What is the Ordeal? 16. What are the Ten Commandments? 17. Name five. 18. Name three resources in Sumer. 19. Who was Hammurabi? 20. Who was Sargon I? 21. How many years did the Egyptian civilization survive? 22. What is a mastaba? 23. Who was Akhenaton? 24. Who was Bastet? 25. What was the “Book of the Dead?” 26. In which direction does the Nile River flow? 27. Why does the Nile flood in the Fall? 28. Did the Egyptians have abortions? 29. How long did Egyptian babies nurse? 30. How did Egyptians cauterize?ANSWERS 1. Humans learning how to plant and harvest food and all the changes that came. 2. More food, stay in one place, control of the food supply. 3. illness spread more easily, a poor crop lead to starvation, people became more possessive. 4. 2.5 km2 5.
Jericho, Jarmo, Catal Huyuk 6. A black, hard volcanic stone used to make such things as knives and jewelry. 7. Land between the rivers. 8. An anthropologist who listed 10 criteria describing civilization. 9.
settlement in cities of 5000 monumental
public buildings 10. planting a single crop. 11. The oldest known civilization. 12. In what today is called Iraq. 13. wheel, irrigation, plow, writing, pottery. 14. writings from the time of Christ and referring to his teachings. 15. Divining quilt by reading the burned blisters of a tongue. 16. Laws of conduct given to Moses from God. 17. I am the Lord thy God, ... Thou shalt
have no other gods before me. 18. clay, water, date palms 19. The Babylonian leader who codified his laws (282 of them). 20. The first thought to have united the Sumerian city states. 21. approx 3 000 22. a burial house 23. the heretic pharaoh 24. cat goddess 25. A collection of prayers found with Egyptian mummies and in temples. 26. South to north. 27. The Nile’s source is in the southern hemisphere. 28. Yes 29. about three years. 30. They used a hot fire-drill.I'll work on questions for Greece depending on how far we get. Stay tuned! |