Roman Numerals

The numeric system known today as Roman Numerals utilizes only seven symbols, which are added and subtracted to form any number. A superscript bar over a number multiplies it by 1,000, and two vertical lines in addition to the superscript bar multiply a number by 100,000. Thus the common symbols are:

I = 1
V = 5
X = 10
L = 50
C = 100
D = 500
M = 1,000

= 5,000
= 10,000
= 50,000
= 100,000
= 500,000
= 1,000,000

= 1,000,000
= 10,000,000
= 100,000,000

= 16,000 etc.
= 1,600,000 etc.

There was no symbol for zero

The rule is that when two figures are side by side, if the smaller is on the right, it is added to the larger, and if it is on the left, it is subtracted from the larger. So, VI = 6 and IV = 4. Exceptions to this rule are very rare.

Modern rules have also been added, and are that:


In reality, these rules were never followed by the Romans. To start, they used more than these seven symbols, and M was used only as an abbreviation of mille or milia, not used in combination with other symbols until the 15th century. Repetitions of numbers often exceeded the rule of three, but V and L were never repeated. Values including VIIII and even XXXXXX were common. The following table shows how much the symbols vary.

1. I

14. XIV

90. XC or LXXXX

2. II

15. XV

100. C

3. III

16. XVI

200. CC

4. IIII or IV

17. XVII

300. CCC

5. V

18. XVIII or XIIX

400. CCCC or C

6. VI or

19. XIX or XVIIII

500. D or I or

7. VII

20. XX

600. I C

8. VIII or IIX

30. XXX

700. I CC

9. VIIII or IX

40. XL or XXXX

800. I CCC

10. X

50. L

900. I CCCC

11. XI

60. LX

1,000. CI or M or or

12. XII

70. LXX

10,000. CCI or

13. XIII

80. LXXX or XXC

100,000. CCCI or

 

 

500,000. Q

 

 

 

 

 

 

Message

On October XXXI, MCMXCIX we will attempt to rob the Last National Bank on MDLXXIX E. XXXVIIth Street in El Paso Texas. We will begin at XI o'clock in the morning. Each of the V of us will split the money. It will not be split evenly. Abel will get XXV%, Bob will get XXII%, Charlie will get XIX%, David will get XVIII%, and Eddie will get XVI%. If you need to contact me, call I-CXXIV-DLV-MMMDCLXXXIV

 

 

 

Roman Numerals (Numbers)

I = one (1)
V = five (5)
X = ten (10)
L = fifty (50)
C = one hundred (100)
D = five hundred (500)
M = one thousand (1,000)

Hints in reading Roman Numerals

If a smaller character comes AFTER a larger character, then add the value of the two characters together.

EXAMPLES:

XI means 10 + 1 = 11
XXVI means 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 26

If a smaller character comes BEFORE a larger character, then subtract the value of the smaller from the value of the larger character.

EXAMPLES:

IX means 10 - 1 = 9
XL means 50 - 10 = 40

More Examples: 

                       C    L    X    V   I   I


        CLXVII  means 100 + 50 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1         = 167


 


                      L       IX


        LIX     means 50 + (10 - 1), or 50 + 9          = 59


 


                         XL       I   I   I


        XLIII   means (50 - 10) + 1 + 1 + 1             = 43


 


                      X    V   I


        XVI     means 10 + 5 + 1                        = 16


 


                          IC


        XCIX    means (100 - 10) + (10 - 1), or 90 + 9  = 99


 


                         XL          IX


        XLIX    means (50 - 10) + (10 - 1), or 40 + 9   = 49