TOWARDS FREEDOM
Chapter 1, Critical Times Begin reading Feb 25. Answers will be posted one week later.1.
Name three places in 2. What are hate-mongers? 3. Who tried to kill Lawrence Martineau? 4.
Why did blacks in 5.
When did blacks in 6. Where were blacks often “steered” during their education. 7. What is meant by pathology? 8. What is meant by hegemony? 9. What is the “Curse of Ham?” 10. In the 18th centuries, Europeans generally considered this race to be superior…. 11.
In
12.
When
did the Reconstruction Era occur in the 13. What is meant by the Reconstruction Era? 14. Why did Canadian blacks head back to the states after the civil war and during the era of reconstruction? 15. Which Prime Minister of Canada in 1911 supported the prohibition of black immigrants? 16. Why is it illogical to use the term “black” to represent race? 17. Who wrote the book “The Bell Curve?” 18. What is the thesis (message) of the book? 19. Who was Charles Darwin? Why did Hitler like and misuse what he said? 20. What did whites seem to fear after blacks were freed from slavery? 21. What is happening to the middle class black families in 1989 statistics as offered in the book?
Answers chapter 11.
2. People who thrive on promoting hatred. 3. Andreas Mouskos 4. There were no specific zones where blacks were discriminated against like in the southern States. 5. After the second world war. 6. They were streamed into vocational work or work that did not carry with it academic challenges. 7. : something abnormal: A disease 8. the exercise of dominance by one state over others. 9. Curse of Ham Biblical Origin of Blacks Resenting Jews According to the Bible, new and old testament (Genesis,
9:20), Prophet Noah had a son named Ham. One day the Prophet got drunk and
passed out in his tent in the nude. His son Ham did a shameful act to him and
when Noah got up, he cursed Ham's son, Quran 49-13 Say O Mankind we created you from single soul male and female and make into nations and tribes, so that you may know one another. Verily the best of you in the sight of GOD is the one who is most conscious of GOD. 10. White race 11. The country had to be controlled and led by whites. 12. 1865-1877 13.
Reconstruction
meant the rebuilding of the 14. To rejoin their families and to get away from the cold weather. 15. Sir Wilfrid Laurier 16. Black makes people all sound the same but there are differences between blacks as well: shade of skin tone, shape of nose, thickness of lips, type of hair… 17. Philipe Rushton 18. The thesis is that blacks are genetically inferior thinkers to whites. 19.
20. That they would speak out and actually succeed in the world on their own. 21. They are growing in size and wealth. CHAPTER 2 In on the Ground Floor. Begin reading March 9. Answers will be posted one week later.1. In what year did the British end slavery in their empire? 2.
Who was the first black slave in 3.
Why did 4. What was the result of slaves working in the house as opposed to in the fields? 5.
At what age in 6. What did early Canadians call native Indians? 7.
Why were native Indians preferred over blacks
as slaves in urban centers in 8.
Why
were blacks preferred as slaves in frontier areas in 9. What was the Code Noir? 10. Why was Marie Joseph Angelique hanged and when? 11. What effect did her death have in the community a few years later? 12. Who was Mattieu da Costa? 13.
In
14. What is meant by an indentured servant? 15.
What
civil upheaval in 16. How did this upheaval happen? 17. What is a Loyalist? 18.
How
many slaves came with the Loyalists to 19.
Why
did the Loyalists come to 20. Where did they settle? 21.
In
22. How were the blacks viewed at this time? 23. Describe the land the blacks were given for their payment of helping the English. 24. Of 649 black men, how many received land grants? 25. How large was the land grant for whites and for blacks? 26. Who argued that blacks should receive land without delay? 27. What happened in general to the men who did not receive land? 28. Name one reason explaining why hostility broke out between whites and blacks. 29.
Name
two factors contributing to the revolts in the 30. Name one of the major leaders of the revolt in French controlled St. Domingue. 31.
As
a result of the revolts, when did 32.
Who
led the slaves in 33. Which nation ended up controlling the sugar and coffee crops by 1815? 34.
In
what year did the British end slavery in the 35.
What
percentage of Loyalists coming to 36. What is an abolitionist? 37. What does the term Imperial Statute refer to? 38. Name two Indian bands that were allowed to own slaves? 39. How did slavery differ among the Indians when compared to whites? 40.
Describe
the Indian population on the 41. Native Indians had bargaining power in early Canadian history. How were blacks considered? 42.
What
political event in 43. Who established the Huntingdonian congregation at Birchtown? 44.
Which
early black reformer founded many Baptist churches in 45.
Which
leader initiated the exodus to 46. When did the first group leave and why? 47.
Which
group of blacks arrived in 48.
What
legacy did they leave for the city of 49.
In
what year did the 50.
When
did slavery end in 51.
Why
did the British do nothing in 1793 to help in the case of Chloe Cooley, a black
female who was beaten and dragged to the 52. What did Simcoe and Osgoode do to move towards banning slavery? 53.
What
did some second-generation slave owners do in 54. In 1803 what did Osgoode say about slavery and British law? 55. What did this ruling do almost immediately for blacks? 56.
Why
did slavery come slowly to an end in
Answers Chapter 21. 1833 2. Olivier Lejeune, 6 years old 3. Our climate was not good for plantations, so Canadians developed more on an indoor culture. 4. In the house, slaves were isolated and did not belong to a community like the field workers did. 5. Age 25, because of a lack of nutrition and a lack of a will to live. 6. panis 7. When separated from their tribes, the native Indians were considered less violent, or more docile. 8. The blacks had nowhere to run and had no land or heritage in which to seek refuge. 9.
It meant Black Code and it prevented
blacks from marrying whites and also from carrying weapons.
It told how slaves were to be taught religion, how they would be treated
in cases of theft or attempted escape, and how the children of slaves belong to
the slaves’ master. It was the
nearest declaration of slavery in 10.
She
was hanged in 1734 for supposedly having started a fire in 11. Whites were outraged at her hanging. Several years later, torturing a slave was forbidden. 12.
The
first black to set foot in 13. as a privilege, not a right. 14. one who serves for a pre-determined number of years. 15.
American
War of 16.
Blacks
fought for the British. The British
promised them land for fighting with them. The
land was in 17.
A
Loyalist is a person who remained “loyal” to 18. 1 500 slaves came to NS with the Loyalists. 19.
The
loyalists along with the British army lost the war in 20. The came to Shelburne and Birchtown. 21. They were registered in the Book of Negroes. 22. They were considered migrants, people who would not stay for long in NS. 23. The land was rocky, marginal farmland that was hard to work. The allotments were small. 24. 184 blacks received land. 25. the average acreage for whites was 74, for blacks 34. 26. Thomas Peters and Murphy Still 27. They became dependent on employment they could find with white farmers. 28. Blacks were working for a wage lower than whites and taking their jobs. 29.
Factor
1: The French underwent a civil revolution.
French colonies in the Caribbean were affected; the slaves there also
wanted “ 30. Oge. 31. 1791. 32. Francois-Domingue Toussaint, or Toussaint L’Ouverture. 33. The British. 34. In 1833 35. 10 percent 36. … a person who wishes to put an end to slavery. 37. It refers to the law of in 1790 that allows the bringing of slaves to the colonies. 38. The Mohawk, the Iroquois, the Shawanabe, the Potawatomis, the Mississaugas. 39. Among the Indians, blacks had a higher level of equality. Blacks sometimes married Indians, as did Joseph Brant. 40.
There
were no Indians left. The Spanish
had killed them all through sport, the cause of depression, sicknesses brought
from 41. … as non persons. 42.
Confederation
in 1867. Agriculture replaced the
fur trade and 43. John Marrant. 44. David George. 45. Thomas Peters 46. There were 1200 blacks who left in 1792. They left because racism was so strong and because the farmland they had was poor. 47.
The
Maroons. They were resistance
fighters against the British in 48. The Citadel. 49. In 1787. 50.
Slavery
end in 51. At that time blacks were not considered human. 52.
Simcoe
and Osgoode passed a law that freed the children of slaves at age 25.
The law also prevented new settlers from bringing slaves into the 53. They freed their own slaves, and then some became abolitionists. 54. He said that they were incompatible, they could not both exist at the same time. 55. This ruling set free 300 slaves almost immediately. 56. Slavery ended because of 1) laws being passed (legislation), 2) the work of abolitionists, 3) a lack of a plantation economy, and 4) long unproductive winters.
Chapter 3 Safe Haven: Myth or Reality?1. When was the war of 1812? 2.
List two reasons for the war between 3. Why were blacks eager to fight against the Americans? 4. What was the name of the first all-black military unit in Canadian history? 5. Why did the blacks rejoice when the White House was burned by the British in the war of 1812? 6.
As a result of the war, how many black refugees
escaped to 7.
Why did the 8. What happened to the contact between blacks and whites at this time? 9.
Which Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada
refused to sign an extradition treaty for blacks with the 10.
How
successful was 11. Who helped the blacks reach freedom in the late 1700s? 12. What was the Fugitive Slave Law? 13.
When
did American buy 14.
How
was the land in 15. What is the Emancipation Act of 1833? 16. What is the Underground Railway? 17.
How
many slaves used it, and how many of those came all the way to 18.
Which
famous abolitionist used St. Catherine’s, 19. How many trips to the south did she make, and how many slaves did she free? 20. What was her nick-name? 21. Who was Alexander Ross? 22. Name other “Conductors” on the Underground Railroad. 23.
Governor
Douglas helped the blacks in 24. Why did blacks willingly create the Victoria Pioneer Rifle Company? 25. What reason was given for keeping blacks from sharing equally in society? 26. What pattern appears in Canadian history regarding the immigration and settling in of blacks? 27.
How
many black settlements were in 28. What was Wilberforce? 29. Henson and Wilson help establish the all-black Dawn Settlement. Was it successful? 30. Who ran “The Voice of the Fugitive?” 31. What did he believe about black and whites integrating? 32. Who founded “The Provincial Freeman?” 33. What did they believe about blacks and whites integrating? 34. What settlement did Rev. King build in 1849? 35. Where did the slaves come from that helped him build? 36.
Who
took the racist road in trying to prevent Rev King from building a black
settlement in 37. At a public meeting, Larwill was outvoted. Why was this a turning point in Canadian History? 38. How did Elgin Settlement succeed? 39. What benefit did blacks get out of it? Chapter 3 Answers1. Gottcha! It was of course in 1812. 2.
a) the British violated American shipping
rights, b) the Americans were looking for any reason to attack 3.
They were afraid slavery would grow stronger in
4. Captain Runchey’s Company of Coloured Men. 5. Because they considered it the end of slavery and injustice. 6. Nearly 2000. 7. The economy slowed down and then the politicians claimed that the blacks were taking away jobs from the whites. 8. It was hindered. Blacks began living in their own areas, fearing attacks from whites. 9. The Lieutenant-Governor’s name was Mr. Maitland. 10.
11. The Quakers. 12. It was a law that allowed slave owners and slave-takers to hunt down fugitive slaves in the northern states and return them to their plantation. 13. In 1803 14. It became useful for plantations. This furthered the need for slavery. 15.
This
Act abolished slavery in the 16. A series of safe houses and secret routes that blacks could take in their search for freedom in the north. 17.
Approximately
80 000 used it and about 50 000 came to 18. Harriet Tubman. 19. She made 19 trips and freed about 300 slaves. 20. Moses. 21.
He
was a white doctor from 22. Calvin Fairbanks, john Mason, Frederick Douglass, Levi and William Still (the presidents) 23.
He
brought them to 24.
To
be able to defend 25. Some argued that people must “recognize the distinction between the races that the creator made.” 26.
They
were encouraged to immigrate to 27. There were 40 settlements. 28.
An
all-black town named after a British abolitionist for blacks from
29. Yes, though it did receive help from the white community. 30. Henry Bibb. 31. He felt blacks should stay segregated from whites and accept no help. 32.
Samuel
Ringgold (edited by Mary Anne Shadd, first female editor in 33. They were for the integration of blacks and whites. 34.
35. They were left to him in the estate of his father-in-law. 36. Edwin Larwill, a powerful politian. 37. Because the blacks won a place to live, and in so doing, defeated racist beliefs of a politician. They had the support of most of the people. That is true democracy. 38. Very well. 39. They got a strong economy and the right to vote as property owners. They could also take others to court. Chapter 4 Struggle
for Education
Questions 1. Were blacks taught in separate schools in the past in Canada? 2. Why did blacks have to sit in the back of the classroom? 3. When did Halifax exclude blacks from public schools? 4. Why did blacks want to integrate in education? 5. At this time, why were white parents unwilling to see the two races in the same class? 6. Why was segregation harmful? 7. What does disenfranchised mean? 8. Name a Canadian city that did not segregate. 9. What did some of the Buxton Mission graduates do to help education in the black community? 10. In which decade did discrimination in education end in Ontario? 11. What is important about the Brown vs Board of Education in the United States in 1954? 12. Which black American fighter for civil rights believed at the time that blacks should fight in the American Civil War? 13. Why did Lincoln free the blacks during the American Civil War? 14. How did Canadian blacks respond to the American Civil War? 15. How did slave owners get blacks to fight? 16. What terrible irony arose because of these conditions in the Civil War? 17. Thirty-five years after the Civil War ended, how many blacks left Canada? 18. Who was Anders Ruffin Abbott? 19. After the war, how did Canadians feel about immigration from the States? 20. How many blacks were there in Canada in 1901? 21. Where in Canada did blacks excel in education? 22. What was the Freed Man’s Bureau? 23. What influence did the Freed Man’s Bureau have in Canada? 24. What did America’s first immigration law look like? 25. What influences put whites on the top of the pile and blacks on the bottom? 26. Explain the meaning in the image on p. 84. 27. Name a country that had 16 official categories in their racial hierarchy. 28. What difference did the level of darkness make to a slave? 29. What does the “one-drop blood” or “single-drop blood” rule refer to? 30. What is logically wrong with this argument? 31. How did Canada deal with the “black menace” of blood mixing? 32. What two major targets did the KKK attack in the black communities? 33. After 1865 the number of black universities rose from 5 in the US to…? 34. Name some black universities in the US. 35. What impact did such universities have in society? 36. Who proved that blacks could withstand the cold by being in the first non-aboriginal group to reach the North Pole on April 4, 1909? 37. Who created the organization known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?
Chapter 4 Answers1. Yes 2. It put them further from the source of information. That spot was for white children. 3. In the 1870s 4. To get better access to educational materials. These were good for employment and self-betterment. 5. Whites saw blacks as uneducable, half-human, dirty, and overly sexual. 6. Segregation reinforced prejudice and fear. 7. It means that one has no control or influence. 8. Toronto 9. They took their successful model of education to other black communities. 10. In the 1960s. 11. The court decision made segregated schools illegal. 12. Frederick Douglass. 13. Freed slaves would undermine the South’s power, they would desert and fight for the North’s cause. 14. Some 30,000 joined their American cousins. 15. They held their family members hostage. 16. The irony was that blacks fought against blacks. 17. Some 60%-70% of the blacks left Canada. 18. He was a black doctor from Toronto who went to help the North in the Civil War. 19. Canadian restricted immigration of blacks. 20. There were about 18,000. 21. In Toronto and Buxton. 22. This was an office, established by congress, to help provide food, clothing, accommodations, access to educaton, and jobs to recent slaves. 23. Many blacks in Canada went “back home” for a better and integrated education. 24. It stated that people could become citizens if they were “aliens being free white persons.” Alien is the American term for foreigners. 25. The negative influences going against the blacks were: a) negative missionary reports, b) studies linking cranial capacity to intelligence, c) Charles Darwin’s comparisons between savages and apes. 26. This image suggests that orangutans carried off African women to have intercourse with them. This implies that the African offspring are “missing links” and are therefore inferior to whites. 27. Spain 28. The light-skinned slaves got more opportunities. 29. This rule stated that anyone having one drop of Negro blood was a Negro. 30. There illogic is as follows: if one drop of black blood makes a seemingly white person “all black”, the same does not hold true in the opposite direction: one drop of white blood in a black should make the black “all white.” Furthermore, if the black blood can alter the white man’s color code, but the white blood cannot alter the black man’s color code, which blood is stronger? The black man’s blood. For this reason, the argument is flawed and should never have been used. 31. Canada tried to keep it from happening by tolerating social norms against it, and by keeping blacks out of the country. 32. Their churches and schools. 33. to 74 black universities by 1915. 34. Hampton Institute, Tuskegee, Howard University, Spellman College, Wilberforce University, and Shaw University. 35. They produced people like 1) Booker T. Washington, a fighter for black rights and equality, 2) Daniel Hale Williams, performer of the first heart transplant, 3) Edmonia Lewis, famous black sculptor, 4) Deorge Washington Carver, an agriculturalist who brought crop diversification to the south, and also created peanut butter, William Christopher Handy, brought blues music to the attention of the general public. 36. Matthew A. Henson. 37. W. E. B. Dubois
Chapter 5 Answers. 1. They used the strongest and most suitable slaves for breeding. 2. Billie Holidy (Lady Day). 3. 600 4. … that blacks would receive 40 acres of land and a mule, that they would be able to earn their own living. 5. The KKK and the Jim Crow Laws. 6. only 5,000, a 95% drop from the previous election there. 7. They farmed small plots of other people’s land. They received a sare of the crop and lived on credit until harvest time. The land owner was the creditor (the one lending out goods). Blacks could not sell their excess crops on the market. A cycle of dependency on the owner developed and this lead to a different form of slavery. 8. Blacks were to be minstrel-type caricatures, playing the role of the happy Negro. 9. sooties, jogaboos, and dinges 10. The Union United Church and the Colored Women’s Club of Montreal. 11. James Robinson Johnston 12. because of lynchings and the Jim Crow laws. 13. They were a group of people willing to leave the south, and organized by Henry Adams and Benjamin “Pap” Singleton. 14. He came form Texas and introduced the longhorn cattle to Canada. 15. A person who built his/her home from prairie sod. 16. They did well, they owned land, made a living and were thriving. 17. The goal of America was to take over the entire continent. 18. Matthew A. Henson, part of Robert E. Peary’s expedition to the North Pole. 19. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Chapter 5 The
Dormant Years
1. How did plantation owners try to reduce the cost of importing slaves? 2. Who made the song “Strange Fruit” famous? 3. How many blacks were elected to southern state legislatures between 1865 and 1877? 4. What was the government’s land promise to the freed blacks after the civil war? 5. Two major forces helped stop this from becoming a reality. What were they? 6. By 1898 in Louisiana, how many blacks voted? 7. What are sharecroppers? 8. How were blacks regarded in Canada at this time? 9. List three other derogatory names used against blacks in Canada. 10. Which organizations helped get the first blacks hired by Eatons of Montreal? 11. Who is referred to as the Martin Luther King of Nova Scotia? 12. Why did Canadians fear an exodus north of southern blacks? 13. Who were the exodusters? 14. Why does Jone Ware stand out in western Canadian history? 15. What was a sodbuster? 16. How did blacks fare in the American mid-west when it was opened for farming? 17. What was the American “Manifest Destiny?” 18. Which explorer proved that blacks were not afraid of the cold? 19. What organization did W.E.B. Dubois create in Fort Erie?
Chapter 5 Answers. 1. They used the strongest and most suitable slaves for breeding. 2. Billie Holidy (Lady Day). 3. 600 4. … that blacks would receive 40 acres of land and a mule, that they would be able to earn their own living. 5. The KKK and the Jim Crow Laws. 6. only 5,000, a 95% drop from the previous election there. 7. They farmed small plots of other people’s land. They received a sare of the crop and lived on credit until harvest time. The land owner was the creditor (the one lending out goods). Blacks could not sell their excess crops on the market. A cycle of dependency on the owner developed and this lead to a different form of slavery. 8. Blacks were to be minstrel-type caricatures, playing the role of the happy Negro. 9. sooties, jogaboos, and dinges 10. The Union United Church and the Colored Women’s Club of Montreal. 11. James Robinson Johnston 12. because of lynchings and the Jim Crow laws. 13. They were a group of people willing to leave the south, and organized by Henry Adams and Benjamin “Pap” Singleton. 14. He came form Texas and introduced the longhorn cattle to Canada. 15. A person who built his/her home from prairie sod. 16. They did well, they owned land, made a living and were thriving. 17. The goal of America was to take over the entire continent. 18. Matthew A. Henson, part of Robert E. Peary’s expedition to the North Pole. 19. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Chapter 6 Racism on the Plains
1. What is meant by a cultural melting pot? 2. What is meant by ethos? 3. In 1911, Canada refused Negroes permission to enter the country. What reason did it give? 4. Describe Indian-Negro relations in the 1800s. 5. What happened to blacks when Oklahoma became a state? 6. In 1910-1911 many blacks came to Canada from Oklahoma. How did Canada react? 7. How did the Lethbridge Daily News refer to the influx of blacks? 8. Why was Canada a hesitant to stop blacks from coming in? 9. How did Hazel Huff harm the chances for blacks to be treated fairly? 10. How long were the Oklahoma blacks banned from Canada by the Order-in-Council? 11. What was the “yellow scourge?” 12. After Canada brought in 15,000 Chinese workers to build the railway, what did the government want to see happen to them? 13. What is meant by a head tax? 14. What was missing from Canada’s Constitution Act of 1867? 15. Why was Sir Wilfred Laurier’s Order-in-Council not proclaimed? 16. After leaving Tennessee, where did Joe and Mattie Mayes help found a settlement in Canada? 17. What
did the Lewis Report propose regarding education for blacks in Canada?
Answers chapter 61. It is when various cultures come together in a new country and adopt that country’s values, like language and traditions. 2. a guiding principle 3. The climate was unsuitable, and Negroes did not meet Canadian requirements. 4. Indians had slaves. Some owners were strict, others were lenient. Inter-marriages occurred like in Oklahoma. 5. The Jim Crow laws were adopted and segregation occurred. 6. It put up barriers so that they felt unwelcome and unwanted. 7. The paper called them the “Black Peril.” 8. The United States might get mad and not go forward with plans it had for free trade with Canada. 9. She made up a story about being flogged and assaulted by blacks and this made its way to the paper. 10. … for one year. 11. The Chinese were considered to be growing too strong in number. 12. It wanted them to leave the country. 13. People have to pay a governmental tax to enter the country. 14. The Act said nothing about equal rights. 15. The restrictions put in place against would-be black immigrants in 1912 did the job. 16. In Eldon district, near North Battleford, Sask. 17. That the government study the causes for the high failure and dropout rate among black youth, and not just focus on the symptoms.
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