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JOURNEY
OF MAN by SPENCER WELLS Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza = famous geneticist who collected DNA in blood samples from
around the world. A small
band left Humans
evolve from apes. Cosmological
calendar Africa:
direct descendents: why did they leave Khoisan people Eyes, High Cheek bones like Asians, medium brown skin that can go darker or lighter. Faces look like a composite of everyone. DNA
- A C G T Stretch to moon and back 3 000 times 46 bundles, chromosomes Glitches = mutations are passed on. Inherited mutations are known as markers. Markers on the Y chromosome. Man (papaya) pass on y chromosomes to sons. Identical DNA of the fathers on the y chromosome. The grandsons would have essentially the same DNA. Sometimes there is a change in the DNA a mutation or a marker. Sons will inherit this marker. This is a badge of descent. Occasionally, a second marker occurs. Now there are two markers passed along to the sons. The group that lost the clicks left Burst in creativity from the San. Language sparks the birth of culture. State of the art hunting technology for 50 000 years ago. Reading tracks used the past to predict the future – to tell that an animal passed this way, and that to follow the tracks would lead to food. Why did the San leave 80 000 years ago in a cave in People had not of thought of using bone. Stone tools were in use for hundreds of thousands of years before. Why did they stop occupying the cave and vanish 50 000 years ago? A drought occurred. A drop in temp, the sea receded – all about 72 000 years ago. The sea receded to about 40 kms away. The cave became an inland sight instead of a coastal cave. Ice cores, marine cores (forams = foraminifera: little creatures looking like little grains of sand, calcium carbonate can measure the isotopes). They reveal that the ice caps were expanding: an Ice Age. Pastureland became desert and people needed to look for new
places to find food. The lifeline: a
small band left How did they get there? Why is there no evidence of their journey? There are no apes in Also, the last time The blowing sands of Mungo (once a lake was found there) reveal artifacts. Fish bones found in a fire 40 000 years ago. Seems like there may have been 200 people living there. The red layers of the sand are over 100 000 years ago, long before human habitation. Oldest remains are dated to 40 000 to 45 000 years ago. Aborigines: famous for oral history. They have song lines. Aborigines believe that they always came from Rock paintings in Africans have no trace of Aboriginal markers in their blood, while Aborigines do have African markers in their blood. Theory: The Africans followed a coastal route on the edge
of the ice field through Naderai in Spencer Wells tests the blood of many in Chromosomes are chopped up and reordered by genetic shuffling on the X chromosome. But this does not happen on the Y chromosome. Girls get two mixed chromosomes (X), males get one X (mixed) and one Y (not mixed). Sequencing machine: Molecular sieve : separates based on size. Sequence is thus determined A C G or T Spencer is looking for one change in billions, a misprint in just one letter. It occurred around 2 000 generations ago. (40 000 years ago). There was no archeological evidence in By accident of design, they made it by asking “what if…” This migration accounts for 10% of the world’s population. The second wave becomes Europeans, Native North Americans, Asians. THIS GROUP WENT TO THE MIDDLE EAST There was no ice in One branch went back down into Another second wave went to One wave went to the NORTH and another to the SOUTH. There were no people in It took 10 000 to get to Europe from the Cromagnon was a new human roaming in the area. Where did Cromagnon, a European, come from. He came from the Ice Age. They toughened up along the way. Bears even lived in the cave where people were drawing art. Hunter, speed strength and wit, pre-meditated killer, fairly tall person, more than 6 feet tall. Cromagnon arrived with African body proportions. Naked skin sweats to keep cool.
Skin was dark, full of melanin. Skin
was lightening because the skin needed vitamin D3.
Populations that were not coastal populations had to lighten up.
On the coast if you ate fish, you could stay a little darker.
In Why 10 000 years from the KIRGUISTAN The markers found here are the same as those found in males
in Nyazov = holds the marker and is the link to all Europeans,
North and South Americans, Asians, Russians, and some went back into Ice Age 20 000 years ago was at its peak, and that’s when
Nyazov’s relatives headed to CHUKCHI These people populated the Bergman’s and Allens rules. Length of appendages are reduced. Shorter and rounder trunk. Little furnaces for preserving their own body heat. They must stay physically active. They have a heard of 1 000 reindeer. There are no veggies. These people live on the reindeer. Temp is minus 40 and dropping one degree every 10 minutes. Liquid water does not seem to exist. This is a good look at what an Ice Age looked like. Yet, the Chukchi show how people can survive an Ice Age. Every part of the animal is used for sustenance (food). Eat with fingers, your tongue will stick to a knife of fork. Yaranga – a Chukchi dwelling made of skins. Inside is another tent. Both are made of reindeer tent. No sleeping bag, no blankets, just a candle. Yaranga was warm at minus 60 degrees outside. Moving, always on the move. Tents are very portable. The Chukchi’s ancestors followed the reindeer. They could go no further. They also follow the herd. This is a good lesson in how little we need to get by. BEARING STRAIGHT About 15 000
years ago, at the height of the last Ice Age, the ancestors of the Chukchi left NAVAJO Canyon Duché (holy site for the Navajo) Creation and migration narrative “At the time of the beginning.” They believe that they were birthed into this place. They came up from the earth. 1.
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