R. K. Wamboldt

J.L. ILSLEY HIGH SCHOOL

OCEANS 11

STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES

February 2005

INSTRUCTOR: R. K. WAMBOLDT

Assessment Criteria

Assignments/Labs/Classroom-Lab Activities 35%

Tests 25%

Examination 25%

Project 10%

Class Mark 5%

Texts:

Essentials of Oceanography; Garrison Tom, Wadsworth Publishing Co., California; 1995.

Physical Geology (ninth edition); Plummer, Charles; McGeary, David, and Carlson, Diane; McGraw-Hill; New York; 2003.

Investigating Marine Ecosystems; Andrews, William A; Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., Ontario; 1987.

Introduction to the Worlds Oceans; Duxbury, Alyn and Duxbury, Alison; Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa; 1984.

Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth (third edition); Monroe, James and Wicander, Reed; Nelson, Canada; 1998.

Chapter 1

History (Reference Text – Essentials of Oceanography)

Assignment 1

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:

	1. List 3 affects the oceans have on the earth.
	2. List 2 things that are able to be recovered from beneath the ocean floor.
	3. List the total amount of the earth that is covered by oceans.
	4. Define the term ocean.
	5. List the names 4 oceans or seas.

History

Assignment 2

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:

	1. List 3 practical aims of voyaging.
	2. Outline what ocean transportation offers people.
	3. Define the term voyaging.
	4. Outline the first direct evidence we have for voyaging.
	5. Explain what the early mariners began to do to make their voyages easier and safer.
	6. Define the term cartographer.
	7. Describe the process by which early travelers determined directions.
	8. Explain what is meant by the term marine science.
	9. Outline who Eratosthenes of Cyrene was and outline what he did he do that was truly remarkable at the time that he lived.
	10. Define the terms latitude and longitude.

Chapter 2 (Reference Text – Essentials of Oceanography)

Origins

Assignment 1

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:
	1. List the name of the first man to sail around the world alone.
	2. Define the term marine science.
	3. Describe the nature of the work of marine geologists, physical oceanographers, marine biologists, chemical oceanographers, and marine engineers.
	4. Define the term science.
	5. Explain “what scientists do” when they “do science.”
	6. Explain the meaning of the following: hypotheis, law, theory, and scientific method.
	7. List the probable time in history that it is thought the Big Bang occurred.
	8. Outline what is meant by the big bang.
	9. List 5 probable characteristics of the very early universe.
	10. Describe what is meant by a galaxy.
	11. List the name of the galaxy in which we exist.
	12. Outline what is meant by a star.
	13. Explain what is meant by a solar system.
	14. List 3 or 4 probable steps in the formation of our solar system. (page 27)
	15. Describe the nature of the young earth and what began to happen to the earth over time.
	16. Explain what is meant by density stratification.
	17. List the age of the earth.
	18. Define the term outgassing.
	19. Explain what resulted due to outgassing.
	20. List the composition of the early atmosphere of the earth.
	21. List the composition of the present atmosphere of the earth.

Origins

Assignment 2

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:
	1. List 4 characteristics of water.
	2. Explain upon what and why all life, from a jellyfish to a dusty desert weed, depends.
	3. Explain the meaning of the term biosynthesis.
	4. Outline, in step form, one idea about where and how life on earth may have originated.
	5. Explain what a more recent analysis of ancient climate suggests about the origin of life.
	6. Explain whether it is thought that a similar biosynthesis that happened in the past could again happen today.
	7. List 2 conditions necessary for a large permanent ocean of liquid water to form on a planet.
	8. List several special conditions that exist here on planet earth that were necessary for the formation of life.

Chapter 1 (Reference Text - Munroe and Wicander)

Understanding Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology

Assignment 1

	After reading, completing, and studying, Assignment 1 you should be able to:
	1. Describe and define the two broad areas of the science of Geology – physical geology and historical geology.
	2. Describe the theory of plate tectonics and list three types of plate boundaries.
	3. Outline the ways in which geology does or may affect the daily lives and lifetimes of all people and society.
	4. Explain the way in which geology is a diverse science that encompasses many occupations concerned with resource exploration and environmental quality.
	5. List several activities carried out by geologists.
	6. Label a simple diagram showing the several subsystems that make up the dynamic earth.
	7. List several local and global problems resulting from large volcanic eruptions

Understanding Earth; An Introduction to Physical Geology

Assignment 2

	After reading, completing, and studying, Assignment 2 you should be able to:
	1. List the steps by which our solar system was formed.
	2. List the steps by which our differentiated earth was formed.
	3. Describe how a scientific hypothesis differs from a scientific theory.
	4. Outline the basic ways in which scientific knowledge is gained.
	5. List the major components of the Earth’s physical environment.

Understanding Earth; An Introduction to Physical Geology

Assignment 3

After reading, completing, and studying, Assignment 3 you should be able to:

	1. Explain the fundamental doctrine of uniformitarianism.
	2. Label a diagram of the rock cycle and explain its interrelationship among different parts of the earth system.
	3. Differentiate between the term rock and mineral.
	4. Define the following: igneous rock, intrusive igneous rock, extrusive igneous rock, sediment, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, foliated metamorphic rock, and nonfoliated metamorphic rock.

Chapter 10 Earth’s Interior (Reference Text - Munroe and Wicander)

Assignment 1

After reading, completing, and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:

	1. Describe how, during most of historic time, the interior of the earth was perceived. Briefly, outline the ambitious project to drill through the oceanic crust in 1958.
	2. List the one major cause of most of the geological processes that take place on earth.
	3. Explain how scientists have known for hundreds of years that the interior of the earth is not homogeneous.
	4. Explain how the earth is generally depicted. Explain what the internal structure of the earth is based.
	5. List 2 characteristics of primary (P) waves and secondary (S) waves.
	6. Explain what is meant by the following terms: refraction, reflection, discontinuity.
	7. Draw/construct or label a diagram showing how P-waves are refracted and reflected as they pass through different layers of the earth.
	8. Explain how it is thought the core of the earth was first discovered. Explain the meaning of the terms P-wave shadow zone.
	9. List 5 characteristics of the outer and inner core of the earth (eg: location, depth to outer core, diameter, percent volume of earth, density, composition, state).
	10. Explain how it is now thought the mantle of the earth was discovered. List the name of the material from which it is thought the mantle is composed.
	11. Give the numerical value of the density of the mantle. Explain what is meant by the term Moho.

Earth’s Interior

Assignment 2

After reading, completing, and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:

	1. In general, describe how the density and composition of the crust of the earth compares with the mantle and the core.
	2. Name the 2 types of crust and provide characteristics about the composition and density of each type.
	3. Define each of the following: geothermal gradient, heat flow.
	4. Draw/construct a diagram of a generalized cross-section of a kimberlite pipe and list the main rocks type and 3 types of minerals from which the rock type is formed.
	5. List 2 regions on earth where kimberlite pipes are found.
	6. Explain the reason diamonds, rather than graphite, are formed in kimberlite pipes
	7. List the purpose for which a gravitimeter is used.
	8. Outline the simple principle upon which a gravitimeter works.
	9. Define the following terms or concepts: gravity anomaly, positive gravity anomaly, negative gravity anomaly.
	10. Draw/construct or label a diagram showing a positive gravity anomaly and a negative gravity anomaly and the buried structures that causes each anomaly to occur.

Earth’s Interior

Assignment 3

After reading, completing, and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to:

	1. Explain the principle of isostacy.
	2. Draw/construct or label a series of 4 diagrams, showing the weight of glacial ice on the crust of the earth, which illustrates the principle of isostacy and isostatic rebound.
	3. Define the following: magnetic field, dipolar.
	4. Draw a simple diagram of the earth showing the dipolar nature of its magnetic field.
	5. List the name of the element that is thought to be the primary source of the magnetic field on earth.
	6. Define the following: magnetic declination, magnetic anomaly, magnetometer, paleomagnetism, magnetic reversal, normal polarity, reversed polarity.
	7. Draw/construct or label a generalized diagram which illustrates magnetic reversals recorded in a succession of lava flows.

Chapter 12 (Reference Text – Munroe and Wicander)

Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

Assignment 1

After reading, completing, and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:

	1. List 3 phenomena that are the result of the interaction of the crustal plates of the earth.
	2. Write a brief outline of what Alfred Wegener proposed in his monumental book The Origin of Continents and Oceans.
	3. List the one major reason that was presented as the major problem Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis was initially rejected by most geologists.
	4. Explain when and give one major reason why Wegener’s theory about continental drift was finally accepted.
	5. List and explain 5 major pieces of evidence used be Wegener, du Toit, and others to support the hypothesis of continental drift.

Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

Assignment 2

After reading, completing, and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:

	1. Explain what a renewed interest in oceanic research led to in the late 1960’s and what was discovered due to this renewed interest.
	2. Name and describe the workings of the system or mechanism that is the driving force behind the theory of seafloor spreading which accounts for continental and oceanic crust movement.
	3. Describe the unusual pattern of alternating positive and negative anomalies discovered in the Pacific Ocean seafloor on the west coast of North America around 1960 and what was proposed to explain this pattern.
	4. Explain, according to the seafloor spreading hypothesis, exactly what is thought to be happening at mid-oceanic ridges.
	5. Draw/construct or label a diagram showing how the total thickness of deep-sea sediments increases away from oceanic ridges.
	6. Explain the reason why the thickness of sediments increases away from the oceanic ridges.
	7. Using a simple model of plate tectonics explain how this model operates in terms of the lithosphere, oceanic and continental crust, upper mantle, crustal plates, hotter and weaker asthenospehere, heat transfer systems, oceanic ridges, and oceanic ridges.
	8. List 2 reasons why the theory of plate tectonics is now accepted by geologists.
	9. List the names of 3 major types of crustal plate boundaries.
	10. Explain what is occurring at the 3 major types of crustal plate boundaries.
	11. Label the order or sequence of 4 events that occurs which illustrates the history of a divergent or spreading ridge boundary.
	12. List the steps in the sequence of the history of development of a divergent plate boundary.
	13. List 3 features in the geologic record of rock formations that geologists use to recognize ancient rifting.

Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

Assignment 3

After reading, completing, and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to:

	Explain, if new oceanic crust is being formed at divergent plate boundaries, why the entire or total surface area of the earth remains fairly constant.
	List one phenomenon that occurs at convergent plate boundaries
	List 3 phenomena that are characterized by convergent plate boundaries.
	List the names of 3 types of convergent plate boundaries.
	Label the names of the 3 types of convergent plate boundaries showing the types of plates that are associated with each boundary.
	Briefly, explain what is occurring at each of the 3 types of plate boundaries in terms of what happens to each of the plates involved and what is produced at depth and at the surface of the earth.
	List 2 clues by which former subduction zones can be recognized in the geologic record.
	Explain what is meant by an ophiolite.
	Label a simple diagram showing the names and location of the features which make up an ophiolite.
	Explain what is known as a transform plate boundary and what occurs along such a boundary.
	Explain what is meant by a transform fault and give one characteristic that is common in the majority of transform faults.
	Draw or label a simple diagram of a transform fault which illustrates how it connects 2 ocean ridges, 2 ocean trenches, or an ocean ridge and an ocean trench.

Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

Assignment 4

After reading, completing, and studying Assignment 4 you should be able to:

	Explain one way in which the rate of crustal plate movement can be calculated.
	List the one major obstacle to the early acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics.
	Explain the mechanism by which 2 models now attempt to explain crustal plate movement.
	Draw a simple diagram of one of the 2 models which illustrates the location of the convection cells which are now proposed to explain crustal plate movement.
	Identify the location, within the earth, of the convection cells of the 2 models now proposed to explain crustal plate movement
	Briefly, explain how plate movement is now thought to be caused by what is termed a gravity-driven “slab-pull” or “ridge-push” mechanism.
	List the one major reason why geologists are using the theory of plate tectonics in their search for new mineral deposits and in explaining the occurrence of such mineral deposits.
	Describe the 2 convection model mechanisms for plate movement and the “slab-pull” – “ridge-push” model for plate movement.
	List one reason why geologists are using the theory of plate tectonics in their search for new mineral resources and in explaining the occurrence of such mineral deposits.

Chapter 4

Ocean Basins (Reference Text – Essentials of Oceanography)

Ocean Basins

Assignment 1

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:
	1. Outline from what almost all we know about ocean basins comes.
	2. Outline what occurred in the 1980’s, due to sophisticated acoustical equipment, etc.
	3. Explain how most people view an ocean basin.
	4. Outline what was discovered by the Challenger expedition in the late 1870’s.
	5. Outline what the Challenger expedition found about the deepest part of the ocean.
	6. Explain what powerful echo founders revealed.
	7. Outline what we now know about the undersea edges of continents.
	8. Draw a simple typical cross section of the Atlantic and Pacific ocean basins.
	9. Define the terms continental margin and ocean basin.
	10. Draw/construct or label a diagram of a cross section of a typical ocean basin flanked by passive continental margins. ( Figure 4.2 page 63)
	11. Draw/construct or label a diagram of a typical continental margin bordering the leading and trailing edges of a moving continent. (Figure 4.3 page 63)

Ocean Basins

Assignment 2

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:

	As you read Continental Margins page 63:
	List 3 things that lithospheric plates that make up the crust of the earth do.
	Outline what is meant by a passive continental margin.
	List the geographic region in which passive continental margins are located.
	Outline what is meant by an active continental margin.
	List the geographic region in which active continental margins are located.
	Explain what coincides with active continental boundaries.
	List the 2 main divisions of continental margins.
	Explain what is meant by a continental shelf.
	List the type of material that underlies continental shelves and continental crust.
	List the percentage of the dry land area of the earth that is underlain by continental shelves.
	Draw/construct or label a diagram of the features of a broad passive continental margin. (Figure 4.5 (a), page 65.)
	Outline from where most of the material that comprises a continental shelf comes.
	Explain why the continental shelves have been the focus of intense exploration for natural resources.

Ocean Basins

Assignment 3

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to:

	1. Outline what is meant by a continental slope.
	2. Describe the process by which continental slopes form.
	3. Explain what is meant by a shelf break.
	4. Explain what is meant by a submarine canyon.
	5. Draw/construct or label a simple diagram of a submarine canyon. (Figure 4.6 page 66)
	6. Explain what is meant by the following: epicenter of an earthquake (page 67), turbidity currents, and continental rise.
	7. Name the material that makes up most of the deep-ocean.
	8. Explain what is meant by an oceanic ridge.
	9. On a world map, use a colored pencil and plot the location of the major mid-oceanic ridges and mean position of rift valleys.
	10. Explain what is meant by a transform fault.
	11. Draw/construct or label a simple diagram of a transform fault and fracture zones along an oceanic ridge. (Figure 4.12 page 70)

Ocean Basins

Assignment 4

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 4 you should be able to:
	1. Explain what is meant by a hydrothermal vent.
	2. List the nickname given to hydrothermal vents.
	3. Outline why hydrothermal vents are important.
	4. Explain what is meant by the following: abyssal plains, abyssal hills, trench, Mariana trench, island arc, seamount, and guyots.
	5. Obtain a map of the world. On a map of the world use a colored pencil to mark the location of the major trench regions. (Figure 4.14 page 72)

Chapter 6 (Reference Text – Essentials of Oceanography)

Water

Assignment 1

Water

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:
	1. List the 3 states of water.
	2. Outline several characteristics of southern ocean icebergs and Arctic icebergs and the difference between each type.
	3. Define the following: molecule, chemical bonds, and electrons.
	4. Explain what the familiar chemical formula for water shows.
	5. Explain why the water molecule is said to be polar.
	6. Define the term proton.
	7. Explain why the polar water molecule acts something like a magnet.
	8. Outline why water can dissolve so many compounds so easily.
	9. Explain how a hydrogen bond forms.
	10. Define the term cohesion.
	11. Describe 2 things that cohesion allows water to do.
	12. Define the term adhesion.
	13. List the reason that water has such great dissolving power.
	14. Describe the process by which water dissolves sodium chloride (NaCl) the most common salt.

Assignment 2

Water

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:
	1. Explain what is meant by the salinity of water.
	2. List the typical value of the salinity of ocean water and upon what this value depends.
	3. List the 2 most abundant ions in ocean water.
	4. List the 2 major constituents in seawater, their concentration in parts per thousand, and their percent by weight. (Table 6.1 page 96)
	5. List the 4 most abundant ions in seawater, their concentration in parts per thousand, and their percent by weight. (Table 6.1 page 96)
	6. Write the symbol for parts per thousand.
	7. List the approximate value for the salinity of seawater in parts per thousand.
	8. List the source of most of the dissolved material (solutes) in the ocean water.
	9. Explain what is termed excess volatiles.
	10. Describe the process by which these excess volatiles get into the atmosphere of the earth and eventually find their way into seawater.
	11. List the names of 4 excess volatiles.

Water

Assignment 3

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to:
	1. Outline why the salinity of seawater is not an easy property to measure.
	2. Define the term chlorinity.
	3. Write the formula that is now used to measure the salinity of seawater.
	4. Write the approximate value for the salinity of seawater in parts per thousand.
	5. Describe the typical method by which seawater samples are collected and analyzed.
	6. Draw a simple diagram of a Nansen bottle.
	7. List the name of the instrument that is used today by marine scientists to measure the salinity of seawater.
	8. Explain why, if outgassing and chemical weathering of rock are continuously adding material to the ocean, the ocean is not becoming saltier with age.
	9. Outline the concept of what is known as a steady state ocean.
	10. Explain the concept of residence time.
	11. Write down the formula that used to calculate residence time.
	12. List one factor that determines the residence time of an element in ocean water.
	13. List the numerical value of the mixing time of the ocean.
	14. Name the process that is responsible for mixing ocean waters.

Water

Assignment 4

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 4 you should be able to:
	1. Explain why plants and animals in the oceans require dissolving gases from the earth’s atmosphere to survive.
	2. Explain the difference in the ability of warm and cold water to dissolve solids and gases.
	3. Name the gas that is most abundant in the upper layers of ocean water.
	4. Explain why nitrogen is important in the upper layers of ocean water.
	5. Outline why oxygen gas is of vital importance in ocean water.
	6. List the primary source of dissolved oxygen in ocean water.
	7. Explain why the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the earth is small.
	8. Outline why seawater can hold much more carbon dioxide than oxygen or nitrogen.
	9. Explain how the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the ocean vary with depth.
	10. Draw/construct or label a graph showing how concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide vary with depth in ocean water.

Water

Assignment 5

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 5 you should be able to:

	Explain what occurs to produce an acidic or basic solution.
	Outline what is termed an acid and a base in terms of hydrogen ions.
	List another name for a basic solution.
	Explain the purpose of a pH scale.
	Outline what makes a solution acidic and what makes a solution basic, in terms of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
	Use the pH scale (Figure 6.7) to list the approximate pH of the following: battery acid, vinegar, urine, blood, and seawater.
	Explain from what heat is a result.
	Describe the speed of vibration of molecules in hot compared to cold water.
	Explain the difference between the concepts of heat and temperature.
	Define the term heat capacity.
	Explain why different substances have different heat capacities.
	Define the term calorie.
	Outline how the heat capacity of water compares with other known substances.

Water

Assignment 6

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 6 you should be able to:

	Define the term density.
	Outline what happens to most substances as they become colder.
	Explain what happens to cold air and warm air in terms of vibrating molecules.
	Outline what is shown by a density curve for pure water.
	Describe the unusual temperature-density relationship of pure water.
	Define the term state.
	Outline what happens to the density of water as it changes from liquid water to solid ice.
	Draw a simple diagram/graph or label a diagram/graph showing the relationship of density to temperature of pure water. (Figure 6.8 page 103)
	In terms of molecules, explain why ice is less dense than water.
	List 2 factors on which the density of water depends.
	List 2 characteristics of each of the 3 density zones of the ocean; namely the surface zone or mixed layer, the pycnocline, and the deep zone.
	Draw/construct or label a diagram showing the typical density layers and temperature variation with depth in the deep ocean at mid-latitudes. (Figure 6.14 page 107)

Water

Assignment 7

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 7 you should be able to:

	Define the term refraction.
	Outline what happens when a light wave or a sound wave passes from a material of one density to a material with a different density.
	Outline the reason for this bending of light waves..
	Draw/construct or label a simple diagram of the variation in the average depth of vertical densities zones with latitude. (Figure 6.17 page 109)
	Explain why light has such a difficult time reaching and penetrating the ocean.
	Explain why scattering of light occurs.
	Describe what cause the absorption of light.
	Define what is called the photic zone of the ocean and list 2 characteristics of this zone.
	Define what is called the aphotic zone of the ocean and list 2 characteristics of this zone.
	Explain why, from above, clear ocean water looks blue.
	Define the term sound.
	List 3 reasons why sound energy decreases as it travels through seawater.
	List the value of the speed of sound through seawater.
	Explain how the speed of sound in seawater changes when the temperature and the pressure of seawater increases.
	Explain how the speed of sound in warm ocean surface water compares to the speed of sound in deeper cooler ocean water.

Chapter 8 (Reference Text – Essentials of Oceanography)

Ocean Circulation

Ocean Circulation

Assignment 1

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:
	1. List the names and give several characteristics of 2 kinds of forces that affect ocean currents.
	2. Define the term surface current.
	3. List the major factor that is responsible for moving ocean water beneath the pycnocline.
	4. The density of water is a function of 2 factors. List the 2 factors.
	5. List the name of water circulation that is due to density difference.
	6. List the affect that solar heating has on water.
	7. Outline the affect that this heating has on sea level near the equator.
	8. Explain what is produced by the global differences in the heating of ocean water.
	9. Explain what is meant by the Coriolis effect.
	10. Explain, due to the Coriolis effect, the direction that surface ocean currents flow in the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.
	11. Explain what sometimes deflect moving water into a circular pattern.
	12. Define the term gyre.
	13. Provided with a map of the world, draw in the location of 2 gyres, one in the Northern Hemisphere and one in the Southern Hemisphere. (Figure 8.2 page 134) On your diagram list the names of 4 forces that cause the gyres to form.

Ocean Circulation

Assignment 2

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:

	If you are provided with a blank map of the world, draw and label the location of four interconnected currents in the North Atlantic gyre. (Figure 8.3 page 134)
	Explain what research published early in this century indicates about the topmost layer of ocean water in the Northern Hemisphere when it is wind driven.
	Explain what happens to the next deeper layer of water.
	Explain what happens to the next deeper layer of water, and so on.
	Explain what is meant by the Ekman spiral. (page 135)
	Draw a simple a diagram of the Ekman spiral. (Figure 8.5 (b) page 135)
	Outline what is meant by Ekman transport.
	Outline what is found in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean centered in the area of the Sargasso sea.
	Explain what is meant by a geostrophic gyre.
	List the names of six great current circuits in the world.
	If provided with a blank map of the world, draw in and label the location of the six great currents circuits in the world. (Figure 8.8 page 136)

Ocean Circulation

Assignment 3

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to:

	Outline where the fastest and deepest geostrophic currents are found
	List the direction in which these currents move warm water.
	List the names of the five large western boundary currents.
	List several characteristics of the Gulf Stream.
	Outline the general geographic location of eastern boundary.
	List the names of the five eastern boundary currents.
	List three ways in which eastern boundary currents are different from western boundary currents.
	Explain what is meant by a transverse current, a countercurrent, and an undercurrent.
	Outline what occurs during major El Nino events. (page 141)

Ocean Circulation

Assignment 4

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 4 you should be able to:

	Explain what is meant by coastal upwelling.
	Outline what is termed downwelling. (page 144)
	Outline what the process of downwelling helps to do.
	Explain how the process of upwelling and downwelling are different.
	Draw/construct a diagram of upwelling and downwelling. (Figure 8.13)
	List the process that drives the slow circulation of ocean water at great depth.
	Define thermohaline circulation.
	Explain what it means to say that ocean water is density stratified.
	Oceanographers name water mass layers according to their relative position. List the name and characteristics of 3 common water masses in temperate and tropical latitudes.
	No matter at what depth they are located, outline upon what characteristics each water mass are determined.
	List 3 characteristics of Antarctic Bottom Water.

Chapter 14 (Reference Text – Physical Geology ninth edition)

Waves, Beaches, and Coasts

Waves, Beaches, and Coasts

Assignment 1

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:
	1. List the name of the source of energy that forms waves.
	2. Outline why it is important to understand how waves travel and move sediment.
	3. List the name that is sometimes given to beaches, and explain why this name is appropriate.
	4. Explain what is happening on most beaches, but why the beach looks the same from day to day. (page 336)
	5. Explain what occurs when sand is removed from a beach faster than it is replenished.
	6. Outline several things that occur when erosion of beach sand is severe.
	7. List the source of energy that moves sand along a beach.
	8. List 3 things that control the height of waves.
	9. Define each of the following: wave height, trough, crest, wavelength, and orbit.
	10. Draw/construct a diagram showing the orbital motion of water in waves.
	11. Draw/construct or label a diagram showing each of the following: crest, wavelength, wave height, trough, and wavelength of a wave.

Waves, Beaches, and Coasts

Assignment 2

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:
	1. Outline what occurs when waves moves from deep to shallow water.
	2. Explain what happens to waves when they enter shallow water.
	3. Define the following: breaker, surf.
	4. Draw/construct or label a diagram of a deep-water wave as it approaches shore. On the diagram show the location of the deep-water wave, sea bottom, an arrow showing how wavelength decreases and wave height increases, wave trough, wave crest, surf zone, breaker, and beach.
	5. Draw/construct or label a diagram showing how a wave crest usually arrives to a shoreline.
	6. Define the term wave refraction.
	7. Define the term longshore current.
	8. Define the term rip current.
	9. Outline 2 ways in which you can identify a rip current at a beach.
	10. Explain how, if you are caught in a rip current, you can get out.

Waves, Beaches, and Coasts

Assignment 3

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to:
	1. Define the following: beach, beach face, marine terrace, and berm.
	2. List 2 materials that are usually found in beach sediment.
	3. Draw/construct or label a diagram of the parts of a beach showing high and low tide, beach face, marine terrace, sand, rock, berm, and cliff.
	4. Define the following: longshore drift, spit, baymouth bar, and tombolo.
	5. Draw or label a diagram showing a baymouth bar, a bay, and a spit.
	6. Define the following: jetties, groins, breakwater.
	7. Outline what happens to a beach if all rivers bringing sand to it are dammed.
	8. Define the following coast.
	9. List 2 characteristics of a coast.
	10. Define the following: headlands, coastal straightening, sea cliffs, wave-cut platform (page 346), arches, barrier islands, estuaries (page 347), and fords (page 348).

Chapter 12 (Reference Text – Essentials of Oceanography)

Life in the Ocean

Life in the Ocean

Assignment 1

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:
	1. Explain why a diver can glide easily between the closely entwined seaweeds in the ocean.
	2. The ocean hums with productivity. Outline several of the processes that are taking place.
	3. Outline why an ocean can support such a bewildering array of life. (page 205)
	4. Define the term evolution.
	5. Explain what distinguishes life from non-life.
	6. List the name of the original source of energy for all marine organisms.
	7. Explain what is meant by a producer.
	8. List the name of the product for which chemical energy is used.
	9. Define the term consumer.
	10. Define and give the general formula for the process of photosynthesis.
	11. Explain what is meant by the term metabolized.
	12. Draw/construct a diagram of the flow of energy through living systems.
	13. Define the term chemosynthesis.

Life in the Ocean

Assignment 2

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:

	Define the term primary productivity and list the name of what is produced by primary productivity.
	Explain what are meant by phytoplankton and list the name of what they produce?
	Define the following: autotrophs, heterotrophs, trophic pyramid, primary consumers, secondary consumers, top carnivore, and food web.
	Draw/construct a diagram of a generalized trophic pyramid.
	Draw/construct a diagram of a food web that contains 10 different organisms. (page 208)
	Explain what is meant by a physical factor in an ocean.
	List the 5 important physical factors for marine organisms in an ocean.
	Define each of the following: metabolic rate (page 209), ectothermic (page 209), endothermic (page 209), nutrients (page 210), hydrostatic pressure (page 212), and limiting factor (page 212).

Life in the Ocean

Assignment 3

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to:

	Explain what is meant by a zone in a marine environment.
	Define each of the following: photic zone, euphotic zone, aphotic zone, pelagic zone, neritic zone, oceanic zone, benthic zone, littoral zone, abyssal zone, and haydal zone.
	Draw/construct or label a diagram of the classification of marine environments. Your diagram should indicate the location of each of the following: intertidal zone, neritic zone, oceanic zone, continental shelf, bathyal zone, abyssal zone, hadal zone, deep sea trenches, atmosphere, sunlit water, twilight water, and sunlit water, and depth measurements. (page 213)

Life in the Ocean

Assignment 4

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 4 you should be able to:
	1. Define the term taxonomy.
	2. Explain, with the use of examples, what is meant by an artificial system of classification and a natural system of classification.
	3. Explain upon what Carolus Linnaeus’s great system of classification was based upon.
	4. List the names of the categories in Linnaeus’s classification system.
	5. Define he term community and population.
	6. Outline the difference between pelagic organisms and benthic organisms.
	7. Define the terms habitat, niche, population density, and climax community.

Chapter 10 (Reference Text – Essentials of Oceanography)

Tides

Assignment 1

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:

	Outline the general places where maelstroms (whirlpools) are found and what causes them to be formed.
	Explain what is meant by a tide. (page 176), and what causes them to be formed.
	List the 2 major cause of tides.
	Explain what happens to gravity as the distance between 2 bodies increases.
	Outline what is meant by the concept of inertia.
	Outline why the moon and the earth do not crash into one another due to the gravitational attraction between them.
	Outline what is meant by lunar tides. (page 177)
	List the time length of a complete tidal day.
	Draw/construct a diagram showing how the rotation of the earth beneath the tidal bulges produce high and low tides. (Fig 10.3, page 177)
	Compare the mass of the moon and the mass of the sun.
	Outline what is meant by a solar tide.
	Explain what happens to tides if the earth, sun and the moon are all in a line.
	Outline what is meant by spring tides and neap tides, and how they are caused.
	Explain what is meant by the following: tidal datum, mean sea level, tidal range, a tidal bore, and at last, a true tidal wave.

Tides

Assignment 2

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:
	1. Explain the meaning of the following: a semidiurnal tide, diurnal tide, mixed tide.
	2. List the name of the ocean that has the most complex of all tidal patterns.
	3. Explain what is meant by the following: tidal current, flood current, ebb current.
	4. List the name of the location where and when the first major tidal power station was opened.
	5. List 3 advantages of generating electricity with tidal power.
	6. List 3 disadvantages of generating electricity with tidal power.
	7. List 3 benefits of tides.

Chapter 13 (Reference Text – Investigating Aquatic Ecosystems)

Types of Marine Ecosystems

Types of Marine Organisms

Assignment 1

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:

	Define the term marine ecology.
	List the names of 4 marine ecosystems.
	List what is involved in each marine ecosystem.
	Draw/construct or label a simple diagram that shows the following ecosystems: barrier island, tidal flat, mainland, mud flat, rocky shore, sandy shore, estuary, salt marsh, ocean.
	List 5 significant ways and give some characteristics of the way in which marine ecosystems differ from freshwater ecosystems. (page 205 - 206)
	List the names of the 2 main environments into which the ocean is divided.
	Draw/construct or label a diagram showing the Classification of the Marine Environment.
	List the location of the following: neritic province or near-shore zone, oceanic province or open ocean.
	List one very important characteristic of netitic waters.
	Define or give the location of each of the following: epipelagic zone, photic zone, mesopelagic zone, aphotic zone, bathypelagic zone, abyssalpelagic zone, hadal zone, supralittoral zone, littoral zone, sublittoral zone, bathyal zone, and abyssal zone.
	Draw/construct or label a diagram showing the biozones of the ocean you defined in number 10 above. (Fig 13-5, page 208)

Types of Marine Organisms

Assignment 2

	After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:
	1. List the names of 5 great oceans.
	2. List the name of the dominant producers in the ocean.
	3. List the name of the chief consumers in the ocean
	4. Draw/construct a diagram which shows the importance of the world ocean (Fig 13-7 page 211)
	5. Explain how the ocean regulates world climate, especially in coastal and maritime areas.
	6. List 3 major food resources obtained from the ocean.
	7. Outline the way in which various marine organisms are important in terms of medicines.
	8. List the names of 3 or 4 chemical and minerals that are extracted from the ocean. (page 213)
	9. Outline why water may be one of the most important future resources of the ocean. (page 214)
	10. Define the term desalination.
	11. Outline how the ocean is now, and could one day be a valuable source of energy. (page 215)

Chapter 14 (Reference Text – Investigating Aquatic Ecosystems)

The Ecology of Marine Ecosystems:

Basic Principles

The Ecology of Marine Ecosystems:

Basic Principles

Assignment 1

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:

Define the term habitat.
List the names of 3 categories into which marine organisms are classified.
List the names and several characteristic of the 3 categories that you listed in number 2. (page 222)
Define the term niche. (page 223)
Outline what happens if 2 species have the same habitat and similar niches.
Define the term trophic level.
List the names of 3 trophic levels.
Outline what trophic levels form when they interact with each other.
List the names of the dominant producers in open ocean ecosystems.
List the names of the organisms that feed on these producers.
List the names of the organisms that feed on the crustaceans.
List the names of the organisms that feed on the small fish.
List the role of the decomposers in an ecosystem.
Construct/draw a food web of a rocky seashore. The diagram should illustrate 8-10 organisms. (Fig 14-4, page 224)
Define the term symbiosis.
List the names, and explain what sort of relationship exists within the 3 kinds of symbiosis.

The Ecology of Marine Ecosystems:

Basic Principles

Assignment 2

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:

List the name of the ultimate source of energy for any ecosystem. (page 227)
Explain how herbivores and carnivores obtain their energy.
Outline 3 ways in which energy is lost from an ecosystem.
Explain why energy flows only one-way along a food chain.
If energy is always lost, outline how ecosystems keep operating.
List the names of 4 elements that ecosystems need in order to function.
List 2 items that the availability of nutrients depends upon within a marine ecosystem.
Outline what happens to nutrients during upwelling.
Draw/construct a diagram showing the cycling of nutrients in the open ocean. (Fig 14-12, page 228)

Chapter 15 (Reference Text – An Introduction to the World’s Oceans)

The Plankton: Drifters in the

Open Ocean

The Plankton: Drifters in the

Open Ocean

Assignment 1

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to

1. Explain where the word plankton comes from and what it means.

2. List 3 characteristics of plankton.

3. Explain how plankton generally move in seawater.

4. Outline, and give specific examples, of how the size of plankton vary.

5. Outline how phytoplankton and zooplankton are observed.

6. Describe ultraplankton, nannoplankton, microplankton and list their approximate size.

7. List the general name given to phytoplankton.

8. Explain why phytoplankton are considered to be autotrophic.

9. Outline what is meant by a filament and the purpose of filaments.

10. List the name of one large planktonic alga.

11. Explain how this one large alga reproduces and the purpose for which it serves.

12. List 3 groups of organisms that are phytoplankton.

13. Draw a diagram of a generalized phytoplankton sample. (Fig 15.1)

14. List the names of the most abundant and most important members of the marine phytoplankton.

15. List 2 characteristics of diatoms.

16. Name and give a description of what is found around the outside of each diatom.

17. Outline how often diatoms divide and what happens when this rapid division occurs. (page 371)

18. Draw a diagram of 3 types of diatoms. (Fig 15.3, page 371)

19. Draw a diagram of the division or a parent centric diatom. (Fig 15.5, page 372)

20. Explain how diatoms remain afloat. (page 372)Outline why diatoms are important.

21. Outline what is meant by diatomaceous earth and for what is it used.

22. Outline 3 ways in which diatoms are different from dinoflagellates.

23. Draw a diagram of 2 different kinds of dinoflagelates. (Fig 15.6, page 372)

24. Outline the location where most dinoflagellates are found.

The Plankton: Drifters in the

Open Ocean

Assignment 2

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to

1. Describe what are known as zooplankton and what they eat.

2. Outline what many of the zooplankton have, but yet, what they are considered.

3. Write a very short life history of zooplankton.

4. Explain where zooplankton exist and what their existence attracts.

5. Outline where zooplankton accumulate and the cause of the accumulation.

6. List the names of 2 of the most common and widespread zooplankton and list some characteristics of each.

7. What is krill and for what do it provide food?

8. Outline the process by which the baleen whale eats.

9. List the names of 5 of these whales.

10. Outline 2 reasons why the marketing of krill for human consumption has not been very successful.

11. Draw a diagram of one type of zooplankton. (Fig 15.8, page 374)

12. Describe what are known as foraminiferans and radiolarians.

13. Write a brief description of a foraminiferian.

14. Describe where foraminiferan and radiolarian are found and what happens to them after they die.

The Plankton: Drifters in the

Open Ocean

Assignment 3

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to

Explain what is meant by a pteropod and list some of their characteristics.
Outline what is meant by a ctenophores and list several of their characteristics.
Outline what is meant by a colonial forms and list several of their characteristics. (page 377)
Draw a simple diagram of a Portuguese man-of-war. (page 378)
List the name of an organism found in plankton.
Outline 3 characteristics of bacteria.
Describe what are known as cyanobacteria and where are they found.
Outline an important role played by bacteria in the ocean.
Outline the procedure by which plankton are sampled. (page 384)
Outline, today, how oceanographers sample zooplankton.
Explain why the speed of the plankton tow is crucial. (page 385)
Outline what all methods studying plankton (towing, sonar, etc) allow scientists to do.
Explain what are meant by red tides.
List the name of the organisms most often responsible for red tides.
List what red tides may, or may not do.
Outline what some scientist’s think about the red tide problem. Cite an example.
List 3 things that are thought, and what actually occurs, that may trigger the onset of red tides.
Outline the effects of the toxins that produce red tides.
Describe what happen in 1987, in Prince Edward Island.

Chapter 16 (Reference Text – An Introduction to the World’s Oceans)

The Nekton: Free Swimmers

Of The Sea

The Nekton: Free Swimmers

Of The Sea

Assignment 1

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:

Explain what are meant by nekton.
Describe the region where nekton swim.
List the name of the group to which most nekton belong.
List one characteristic of nekton and the trophic level to which they belong.
Define the term marine mammal.
List several characteristics of marine mammals.
List the names of 4 marine mammals.
List the name of the group to which whales belong.
Outline several characteristics of this group of whales.
List the names of 2 baleen whales.
Describe the process by which the blue, finback, and right whales feed.
List 3 geographical areas in which humpbacks are found.
List the name of the most northerly whale and geographically where it is found.
Outline what happened in 1868 and what happened as a result in terms of whaling.

The Nekton: Free Swimmers

Of The Sea

Assignment 2

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to

1. List several things that are observed about dolphins and porpoises in the open ocean.

2. List several things for which dolphins have been trained.

3. List some geographical areas in which dolphins and porpoises have been found.

4. Outline what has happened to these mammals over the last 2 decades.

5. Name the group to which seals and sea lions belong and why they belong to such a group.

6. List the names of 2 marine organisms that belong to the group. (Fig 16.6 page 400)

7. Outline the geographic location where seals and sealions are found.

8. Outline, based on characteristics, why the walrus is placed in a separate subgroup.

9. Explain the purpose of tusks on the walrus.

10. Outline why some seals and sea lions are currently enjoying a period of relative peace.

11. Outline what has happened to northern fur seal’s population and why this has occurred.

12. Outline the region in which sea otters live and what they eat.

13. Explain how sea otters differ from seals and whales.

14. Explain what happened to sea otters in the 18^th and 19^th centuries and why this happened.

The Nekton: Free Swimmers

Of The Sea

Assignment 3

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to:

1. Outline what was established in 1972 and what this document included.

2. Explain what the act effectively did.

3. List the names of persons exempted from the act and what they were still allowed to do.

4. Outline why some people believe the act been too successful.

5. List the name of the only modern marine lizard.

6. Outline the geographical location in which it lives.

7. List several characteristics of this lizard.

8. List several characteristics of sea snakes, sea turtles and squid.

9. Outline the geographical location in which fish are found and what affects their distribution patterns.

10. List the regions in which fish are concentrated.

11. Outline several of the variety of shapes of fish that are related to their environment and behavior.

12. Explain several of the important uses of the fins on fish.

13. Outline the range of sizes of schools of fish.

14. Explain the reason it is thought that schooling of fish developed.

15. List the names of the 2 groups of ocean fish.

16. Explain how sharks differ from other fish.

17. Write a short description of s typical shark.

18. List several of the activities of sharks.

19. Outline some of the finding of studies of shark attacks.

20. List several characteristics of skates and rays.

The Nekton: Free Swimmers

Of The Sea

Assignment 4

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 4 you should be able to:

1. Outline the region of the ocean in which most commercially valuable fish are found.

2. List several characteristics of these typical types of fish.

3. List the names 3 types of fish caught for commercial use.

4. Give the name of the fish that live on or near the bottom of the ocean.

5. Outline one way in which bottom fish differ from epipelagic fish.

6. List the name of 2 bottom fish.

7. Explain why perch and snapper are often called rockfish.

8. Outline why deep-sea fish are not well known.

9. Describe the region in which deep-sea fish live.

10. List the name of the most common deep-sea fish.

11. List the total marine fish catch in 1950.

12. Outline what happened during the next forty years.

13. Explain what occurred in 1990.

14. At present time what has happened to total world fish catches.

15. Explain what has been done with Alaskan Pollock.

16. Outline the use of surimi.

17. Outline the geographic region in which the anchovy fishery is concentrated.

18. List several characteristics of anchovies and the food on which they feed.

19. Outline what El Nino does to fishing and large numbers of seabirds.

20. Outline 2 characteristics of the tuna fishery.

21. Describe the method by which most tuna are caught.

Oceans 11 (Reference Text – Essentials of Oceanography)

Unit 7

Atmospheric Circulation

Atmospheric Circulation

Assignment 1

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:

1. List the name of the 2 gases that make up most of the lower atmosphere of the earth.

2. Explain what is meant by water vapor.

3. Outline where the water in the atmosphere originates.

4. Give the numerical value of the residence time of water in the lower atmosphere.

5. Outline how water leaves the atmosphere.

6. List 2 things that influence the density of air in the atmosphere.

7. Explain the relationship between the density of warm air and cold air.

8. Explain the relationship between the density of humid air and dry air. Outline why this relationship exists.

9. Explain what happens to air when it expands and what happens to air when it is compressed.

10. Explain what happens to air as it descends from high altitude to sea level.

11. Outline the relationship between warm air and cold air and the amount of water vapor it can hold.

12. What happens to water vapor in air as the air rises in the atmosphere? Why?

13. Define the term precipitation.

14. Outline why an understanding of these rising-expanding-cooling and falling-compressing-heating relationships are important.

Atmospheric Circulation

Assignment 2

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:

1. Outline why the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the earth varies.

2. Explain how the sunlight striking polar latitudes is different from sunlight striking tropical latitudes.

3. Define orbital inclination.

4. Explain what is caused by orbital inclination.

5. Outline what is caused by the spin of the earth.

6. Explain what occurs as the earth revolves around the sun.

7. Explain what the inclination of the earth also causes.

8. Outline why the polar oceans do not freeze solid and the equatorial oceans boil away.

9. Explain what makes water an ideal fluid to equalize polar-tropical heat imbalance.

10. Explain what happens to about half the solar energy entering water.

11. List what accounts for about two thirds of the poleward tranfer of heat.

12. Outline what is meant by a convection current.

13. Draw/construct or label a diagram of a hypothetical model of the Earth’s air circulation if uneven solar heating were the only factor.

14. List one other factor, besides uneven solar heating, that affect global circulation of air.

15. Define the Coriolis and explain the origin of the name.

16. Outline what any object moving freely across the globe appears to do to an earthbound observer, in the Northern hemisphere and in the Southern hemisphere.

17. Explain what a look at the earth from above the North Pole shows about the cities of Buffalo and Quito. (Fig 7.7 page 119)

Atmospheric Circulation

Assignment 3

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to:

1. Outline what happens to air in the Northern hemisphere and the Southern hemisphere.

2. Explain what happens to air as it rises at the equator.

3. Explain what happens to this drier air.

4. Outline what happen to the air at about 30 degrees North and 30 degrees South latitudes.

5. Explain what happens to most of the descending air.

6. Define the term atmospheric circulation cell.

7. What are the Hadley cells and for whom are they named?

8. What are the Ferrel cells and for whom are they named?

9. Draw/construct or label a diagram of global air circulation as described in the three-cell circulation model. (Fig 7.9 page 121)

Atmospheric Circulation

Assignment 4

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 4 you should be able to

1. Outline what is happening at the bands between circulation cells on the diagram you drew of the three-cell global air circulation model.

2. Outline what is happening within the bands in the circulation cells on the diagram you drew of the three-cell global air circulation model.

3. Define the term doldrums.

4. Define the following: horse latitudes, trade winds, and westerlies.

5. Outline what is termed Southern Oscillation.

6. Explain what Southern Oscillation causes.

7. Explain what is meant by El Nino.

8. List several things that occur during El Nino.

9. Define the term cyclone. (page 124)

Atmospheric Circulation

Assignment 5

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 5 you should be able to:

1. Define the terms air mass and front.

2. List who was given the credit for coining the term front, and where he got his idea for the name?

3. Explain where extratropical cyclones form.

4. Outline what is meant by a frontal storm.

5. Explain what is meant by a tropical cyclone.

6. What is a hurricane and what is the origin of the name?

7. Explain what a storm must do to formally qualify as a hurricane or a typhoon. (page 127)

8. Draw/construct or label a diagram showing how precipitation develops in a extratropical cyclone.

9. Outline how tropical cyclones appear from above.

10. List several characteristics of tropical cyclones.

11. Outline where tropical cyclones form. (page 128)

12. Outline what are thought to be the origins of tropical cyclones.

13. Explain why tropical cyclones are the ideal machine for “cashing in” water vapor’s latent heat of evaporation.

14. Draw/construct or label a diagram of the dynamics of a tropical cyclone. (Fig 7.18, page 130)

15. List 3 aspects of a tropical cyclone.

16. Define the term storm surge.

Chapter 15 (Reference Text – Essentials of Oceanography)

Uses and Abuses

Of The Ocean

Uses and Abuses

Of The Ocean

Activity 1

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:

1. Write a short description outlining some of the things that happened when the supertanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Alaska in 1989.

2. List the 2 sides to humanity’s use of the ocean. (beginning of page 277)

3. Outline what has happened to the ocean over the last few generations.

4. Define the following and where possible give one or more examples: physical resources, biological resources, nonextractive resources, renewable resources, nonrenewable resources.

5. Define the term marine pollution.

6. Explain why it is not always easy to identify a pollutant and give an example.

7. Outline for what the sea for a long time has been used.

8. Explain how our limited knowledge of the pristine conditions of the sea has been obtained.

9. Explain what is meant by a pollutant.

10. List 3 things that a pollutant is able to do.

11. Outline and give an example of what an organism’s response to a pollutant depends upon.

12. Explain, and give an example, of how pollutants vary.

13. Explain the meaning of the term biodegradable.

14. Outline what most pollutants resist. (page 278)

Uses and Abuses

Of The Ocean

Assignment 2

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:

1. List the 3 important marine mineral resources to the world economy. (Table 15.1 page 279)

2. List the geographical region where about one-third of known world reserves of oil and natural gas are found.

3. List what most petroleum is almost always associated and what that suggests.

4. List the steps of the chemical changes, beginning with living planktonic organisms, that are thought to produce oil.

5. Outline what happens if the organic material that forms oil cooks too long or at too high a temperature.

6. List the maximum depth to which oil deposits have been located?

7. Explain what happens to oil because it is less dense than its surroundings.

8. Outline the general regions where oil collects.

9. Draw/construct or label a diagram of an oil and natural gas dome or trap. (Fig 15.2 page 279)

10. Explain one procedure that is used by geologists to search for oil.

11. Explain why drilling for oil offshore in the ocean is more expensive than drilling on land.

Uses and Abuses

Of The Ocean

Assignment 3

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 3 you should be able to:

1. Outline why the amount of oil entering the ocean has increased greatly in recent years.

2. Draw/construct and label a diagram showing the sources of ocean pollution.

3. List several reasons why the consequences of an oil spill vary.

4. Outline how the spills of crude oil compare to spills of refined oil.

5. List some of the harm done by spills of crude oil.

6. Outline what happens to the volatile components of any oil spill.

7. Outline what happens to the tar that is left behind after an oil spill. (page 282)

8. Outline why the methods used to contain and clean up an oil spill sometimes cause more damage than the oil spill itself.

9. Draw/construct or label a diagram showing some of the possible pathways that an oil spill may travel.

10. List the absolute best way to deal with oil pollution and explain how this is currently being done.

11. Outline the geographic location of most of the exploitable U.S. deposits of marine sand and gravel.

12. Outline several reasons why the mining of gravel and sand is not without an environmental consequence.

13. List the amount of the water on earth that is liquid, fresh, and available at the surface for easy use by humans.

14. Explain what has happened to groundwater within approximately .8 km of the surface of the earth.

15. Explain why the availability of fresh, pure drinking water is so important.

16. Define the term desalination.

17. Outline why desalination, water conservation, and perhaps iceberg harvesting will become more common.

18. Construct/draw or label a diagram of a low-tech scheme for desalination. (Fig 15.7 page 284)

Uses and Abuses

Of The Ocean

Assignment 4

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 4 you should be able to:

Outline why you think the sea will probably not be able to provide substantially more food to help cure problems of malnutrition and starvation caused by human overpopulation.
List the names of the 2 of the most valuable marine resources.
Explain the geographical location of the largest share of the global catch of marine fish, crustaceans, and mollusks comes from.
List the names of the top 5 major groups of marine fish, crustaceans, and mollusks regularly caught and processes. (Table 15.3 page 284)
List the name of the fastest growing fishery. (page 286)
List the name of the major food for krill.
List the name for what krill provides food.
Outline why fishing is considered to be big business.
Explain why the cost per unit of seafood has risen dramatically.
Define the terms maximum sustainable yield, overfishing, and commercial extinction.
Explain what is meant by a drift net and why the use of them is so disruptive.
Outline the reason why whales have been hunted since the 1880’s.
List the 2 main nonextractive resources of the ocean.

Uses and Abuses

Of The Ocean

Assignment 5

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 5 you should be able to:

1. List the names of the 2 most dangerous heavy metals being introduced into the ocean.

2. List the name of a third heavy metal that is effective in killing marine organisms.

3. Explain what is meant by each of the following: chlorinated hydrocarbons, biological amplification, and polychlorinated biphenyls.

4. Construct/draw or label a diagram showing biological amplification in the ocean. (Fig 15.19 page 294)

5. List the name of the most common solid waste to enter the ocean.

6. Explain what is contained in sewage sludge and why it is such a great problem.

7. Explain the meaning of the term eutrophication.

8. Outline what is meant by each of the following: ozone, ozone layer, and chlorofluorocarbons, what they are used for, and the harm they do.

9. Explain why the decline in the ozone layers has alarmed some scientists.

10. Outline what is meant by the greenhouse effect and list the names of 3 greenhouse gases.

11. List the steps showing how the greenhouse effect works. (Fig 15.26 page 301)

12. Explain why the carrying capacity of the earth as a whole may have already been exceeded. (page 304)

13. List 3 things you can do for the environments, under each of the following headings, that can make a difference and help keep the world a safe place to live: Energy, Food, Toxic Materials and Pollutants, Water, Recycling and Waste Reduction, Preservation of Life and the Environment, Other Things. (Box 15.3 page 304)

Chapter 5 (Reference Text – Essentials of Oceanography)

Sediments

Sediments

Activity 1

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 1 you should be able to:

1. Define the term sediment.

2. Outline the origin of sediments.

3. List the names of 2 types of sediment.

4. The color of marine sediments are often quite striking. List the names of 3 marine sediments and the color associated with them.

5. Explain how sediments are frequently classified.

6. List the names of 5 types of particles in order of descending size. (Table 5.1 page 78)

7. Outline from what most marine sediments are made.

8. Outline what happens to sediments as they are transported.

9. Outline what are considered to be well-sorted sediments and poorly sorted sediments.

10. List the factor upon what is sorting a function.

11. List a second way in which marine sediments are classified.

12. Outline the source and give 2 examples of terrigenous sediments, biogenous sediments, hydrogenous sediments. and cosmogenous sediments. (Table 5.2 page 78)

13. List another name for continental shelf sediments.

14. List another name for sediments of the continental slope, rise, and deep ocean floor.

15. List the general difference between continental shelf sediments and sediments of the continental slope, rise, and deep ocean floor.

16. Define the term lithification.

Sediments

Assignment 2

After reading, completing and studying Assignment 2 you should be able to:

1. List the average thickness of sediments in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

2. Outline why there is a difference in the thickness of the sediments in the 2 oceans.

3. Explain what is meant by a turbidite.

4. Define the term ooze.

5. Explain what is meant by each of the following: siliceous ooze, calcareous ooze, foraminiferans, pteropods, coccolithophores, radiolarian, and diatoms.

6. Outline the composition of manganese nodules.

7. Outline 2 ways in which it is now thought that manganese nodules form.

8. Outline 2 ways in which actual ocean bottom sediments are obtained.

9. Explain what the analysis of deep-sea sediments from the Deep Sea Drilling Project was able to verify.

10. Outline what was thought about the deep sea bottom before the theory of plate tectonics.

11. Define the term stratigraphy.

12. Explain what marine sediments in the modern ocean basins can shed light upon. (page 90)